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正规连分数


正规连分数是简单连分数

x=b_0+1/(b_1+1/(b_2+1/(b_3+...)))
(1)
=K_(k=1)^(infty)1/(b_k)
(2)
=[b_0;b_1,b_2,...],
(3)

其中 b_0 是一个 整数,而 b_k 是一个 正整数,对于 k>0 (Rockett and Szüsz 1992, p. 3)。

虽然正规连分数不是实数以整数序列形式表示的唯一可能方法(其他方法包括十进制展开Engel 展开),但它们是一种非常常见的表示方法,在数论中最为常见。Lochs 定理将正规连分数展开的效率与十进制展开在表示实数方面的效率联系起来。

有限正规连分数表示在有限项后终止,因此对应于有理数。(Bach 和 Shallit (1996) 展示了如何根据有理数 a/b 的简单连分数计算 Jacobi 符号。)另一方面,无限正规连分数表示唯一的无理数,并且每个无理数都有唯一的无限连分数。无限周期连分数具有许多特殊性质。

正规连分数也用于查找不同周期事件之间的近似公度性。例如,希腊人用于历法目的的默冬周期由 235 个朔望月组成,这非常接近 19 个太阳年,而 235/19 是朔望月(合朔)周期和太阳年周期(365.2425/29.53059)之比的第六个收敛项。正规连分数也可用于计算齿轮比,古希腊人也为此目的使用它们 (Guy 1990)。

通过给定的收敛项近似一个数的误差,大约是第一个被忽略项的分母的平方的倒数

拉格朗日连分数定理指出,二次无理数具有最终周期连分数。例如,毕达哥拉斯常数 sqrt(2)=1.41421356... 的连分数为 [1; 2, 2, 2, 2, ...]。因此,如果怀疑数值常数表示未知的二次无理数,则有时可以推断出其精确表示。

在某种意义上,正规连分数提供了一系列无理数的“最佳”估计。函数也可以写成(简单广义)连分数,从而提供一系列越来越好的有理逼近。连分数也被证明在证明数字的某些性质(例如 epi (pi))方面很有用。

b_0 开始正规连分数的索引,

 b_0=|_x_|
(4)

x 的整数部分,其中 |_x_|向下取整函数

 b_1=|_1/(x-b_0)_|
(5)

x-b_0倒数的整数部分,

 b_2=|_1/(1/(x-b_0)-b_1)_|
(6)

是余数倒数的整数部分,依此类推。根据递推关系写出余数

r_0=x
(7)
r_n=1/(r_(n-1)-b_(n-1))
(8)

给出简洁公式

 b_n=|_r_n_|.
(9)

b_n 称为部分商,并且通过包含 n 项连分数获得的量

c_n=(A_n)/(B_n)
(10)
=[b_0;b_1,...,b_n]
(11)
=b_0+1/(b_1+1/(b_2+1/(...+1/(b_n))))
(12)

称为第 n收敛项

例如,考虑计算 pi 的连分数,由 pi=[3;7,15,1,292,1,1,...] 给出。

部分商收敛项
b_0|_pi_|=3[3]33.00000
b_1|_1/(pi-3)_|=7[3;7](22)/73.14286
b_2|_1/(1/(pi-3)-7)_|=15[3;7,15](333)/(106)3.14151

x 的简单连分数为 [b_0;b_1,...,b_n]。那么极限值几乎总是 Khinchin 常数

 K=lim_(n->infty)(b_1b_2...b_n)^(1/n)=2.68545...
(13)

(OEIS A002210)。

类似地,取第 n收敛项的分母 B_n 的第 n 次根,当 n->infty 时几乎总是给出 Lévy 常数

 lim_(n->infty)B_n^(1/n)=e^(pi^2/(12ln2))=3.275823...
(14)

(OEIS A086702)。

对数 log_(b_1)b_0 可以通过定义 b_2, ... 和正整数 n_1, ... 来计算,使得

 b_1^(n_1)<b_0<b_1^(n_1+1)    b_2=(b_0)/(b_1^(n_1))
(15)
 b_2^(n_2)<b_1<b_2^(n_2+1)    b_3=(b_1)/(b_2^(n_2))
(16)

等等。然后

 log_(b_1)b_0=[n_1,n_2,n_3,...].
(17)
ContinuedFractionLattice

既约分数 y/x 的几何解释包括一条穿过点阵的线,端点为 (1,0)(x,y) (Klein 1896, 1932; Steinhaus 1999, p. 40; Gardner 1984, pp. 210-211, Ball and Coxeter 1987, pp. 86-87; Davenport 1992)。这种解释与最大公约数的类似解释密切相关。它压靠的桩 (x_i,y_i) 给出交替收敛项 y_i/x_i,而其他收敛项则从它压靠的以 (0,1) 为初始端的桩获得。上面的图是关于 e-2 的,其收敛项为 0, 1, 2/3, 3/4, 5/7, ....

连分数可以用来表示任何多项式方程的。连分数也可以用来求解线性丢番图方程Pell 方程

Gosper 发明了一种算法,用于使用连分数执行解析加法减法乘法除法。它需要跟踪八个整数,这些整数在概念上排列在立方体多面体顶点上。虽然这种算法尚未印刷出版,但 Vuillemin (1987) 和 Liardet 和 Stambul (1998) 构建了类似的算法。

Gosper 的算法用于计算 x 的连分数的 (ax+b)/(cx+d) 的连分数,由 Gosper (1972)、Knuth (1998, 练习 4.5.3.15, pp. 360 和 601) 和 Fowler (1999) 描述。(在 Knuth 解的第 9 行中,X_k<-|_A/C_| 应替换为 X_k<-min(|_A/C_|,|_(A+B)/(C+D)_|)。)Gosper (1972) 和 Knuth (1981) 也提到了二元情况 (axy+bx+cy+d)/(Axy+Bx+Cy+D)


另请参阅

连分数, 收敛项, 广义连分数, Khinchin 常数, 拉格朗日连分数定理, Lévy 常数, Lochs 定理, 部分分母, 周期连分数, 简单连分数

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参考文献

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引用为

Weisstein, Eric W. “正规连分数。” 来自 —— 资源。 https://mathworld.net.cn/RegularContinuedFraction.html

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