哥德巴赫最初的猜想(有时称为“三元”哥德巴赫猜想),在 1742 年 6 月 7 日写给欧拉的信中指出,“至少看起来每个大于 2 的数都是三个素数的和”(Goldbach 1742;Dickson 2005, p. 421)。请注意,哥德巴赫认为数字 1 是素数,但这种约定已不再被遵循。正如欧拉重新表达的那样,这个猜想的一个等价形式(称为“强”或“二元”哥德巴赫猜想)断言,所有正偶整数
都可以表示为两个素数的和。 满足
的两个素数
,其中
为正整数,有时被称为哥德巴赫划分 (Oliveira e Silva)。
根据 Hardy (1999, p. 19) 的说法,“做出聪明的猜测相对容易;事实上,有一些定理,比如‘哥德巴赫定理’,从未被证明,任何傻瓜都可能猜到。” Faber and Faber 为在 2000 年 3 月 20 日至 2002 年 3 月 20 日期间证明哥德巴赫猜想的任何人提供了
美元的奖金,但该奖金无人认领,猜想仍然悬而未决。
Schnirelman (1939) 证明了每个偶数都可以写成不超过
个素数的和 (Dunham 1990),这似乎与证明两个素数相去甚远! Pogorzelski (1977) 声称已经证明了哥德巴赫猜想,但他的证明未被普遍接受 (Shanks 1985)。 下表总结了界限
,强哥德巴赫猜想已被证明对小于
的数字成立。
界限 | 参考 |
![1×10^4](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline9.svg) | Desboves 1885 |
![1×10^5](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline10.svg) | Pipping 1938 |
![1×10^8](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline11.svg) | Stein and Stein 1965ab |
![2×10^(10)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline12.svg) | Granville et al. 1989 |
![4×10^(11)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline13.svg) | Sinisalo 1993 |
![1×10^(14)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline14.svg) | Deshouillers et al. 1998 |
![4×10^(14)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline15.svg) | Richstein 1999, 2001 |
![2×10^(16)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline16.svg) | Oliveira e Silva (Mar. 24, 2003) |
![6×10^(16)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline17.svg) | Oliveira e Silva (Oct. 3, 2003) |
![2×10^(17)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline18.svg) | Oliveira e Silva (Feb. 5, 2005) |
![3×10^(17)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline19.svg) | Oliveira e Silva (Dec. 30, 2005) |
![12×10^(17)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline20.svg) | Oliveira e Silva (Jul. 14, 2008) |
![4×10^(18)](/images/equations/GoldbachConjecture/Inline21.svg) | Oliveira e Silva (Apr. 2012) |
所有奇数
都是三个奇素数之和的猜想被称为“弱”哥德巴赫猜想。 Vinogradov (1937ab, 1954) 证明了每个足够大的奇数都是三个素数的和 (Nagell 1951, p. 66; Guy 1994),Estermann (1938) 证明了几乎所有偶数都是两个素数的和。 Vinogradov 最初的“足够大”
后来被 Chen 和 Wang (1989) 缩小到
。 Chen (1973, 1978) 还表明,所有足够大的偶数都是一个素数和最多两个素数的乘积之和 (Guy 1994, Courant and Robbins 1996)。 在最初的猜想提出两个半多世纪之后,弱哥德巴赫猜想被 Helfgott (2013, 2014) 证明。
弱猜想的一个更强版本,即每个大于等于
的奇数都可以表示为一个素数加上两倍的素数之和,被称为莱维猜想。
哥德巴赫猜想的一个等价表述是,对于每个正整数
,都存在素数
和
使得
其中
是欧拉函数(例如,Havil 2003, p. 115; Guy 2004, p. 160)。 (这可以立即从素数
的
得出。) Erdős 和 Moser 曾考虑取消此方程中
和
是素数的限制,作为确定此类数字是否总是存在的可能更简单的方法 (Guy 1994, p. 105)。
哥德巴赫猜想的其他变体包括以下陈述:每个大于等于
的偶数是两个奇素数的和,每个大于
的整数是恰好三个不同素数的和。
令
为偶数
表示为两个素数之和的表示数。 那么,“扩展”哥德巴赫猜想指出
其中
是孪生素数常数 (Halberstam and Richert 1974)。
参见
陈氏定理,
德波利尼亚克猜想,
哥德巴赫数,
哥德巴赫划分,
莱维猜想,
素数划分,
Schnirelmann 定理,
不可及数,
Waring 素数猜想
使用 Wolfram|Alpha 探索
参考文献
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请引用为
Weisstein, Eric W. "哥德巴赫猜想。" 来自 MathWorld--Wolfram Web 资源。 https://mathworld.net.cn/GoldbachConjecture.html
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